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- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus21042aἘκ δὴ τῶν εἰρημένων συλλογίσασθαι δεῖ καὶ συνα-
- Critical Apparatus Link 3γαγόντας τὸ κεφάλαιον τέλος ἐπιθεῖναι. εἴρηται δὴ ὅτι
- Critical Apparatus Link 5τῶν οὐσιῶν ζητεῖται τὰ αἴτια καὶ αἱ ἀρχαὶ καὶ τὰ στοι-
- Link 6χεῖα. οὐσίαι δὲ αἱ μὲν ὁμολογούμεναί εἰσιν ὑπὸ πάντων,
- Link 7περὶ δὲ ἐνίων ἰδίᾳ τινὲς ἀπεφήναντο· ὁμολογούμεναι μὲν
- pg 36Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 8αἱ φυσικαί, οἷον πῦρ γῆ ὕδωρ ἀὴρ καὶ τἆλλα τὰ ἁπλᾶ
- 9σώματα, ἔπειτα τὰ φυτὰ καὶ τὰ μόρια αὐτῶν, καὶ τὰ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus10ζῷα καὶ τὰ μόρια τῶν ζῴων, καὶ τέλος ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ τὰ
- Critical Apparatus Link 11μόρια τοῦ οὐρανοῦ· ἰδίᾳ δέ τινες οὐσίας λέγουσιν εἶναι τά τ᾽
- Critical Apparatus Link 12εἴδη καὶ τὰ μαθηματικά. ἄλλας δὲ δὴ συμβαίνει ἐκ τῶν
- Link 13λόγων οὐσίας εἶναι, τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι καὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον· ἔτι
- 14ἄλλως τὸ γένος μᾶλλον τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ τὸ καθόλου τῶν
- 15καθ᾽ ἕκαστα· τῷ δὲ καθόλου καὶ τῷ γένει καὶ αἱ ἰδέαι
- 16συνάπτουσιν (κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν γὰρ λόγον οὐσίαι δοκοῦσιν εἶναι).
- Critical Apparatus Link 17ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι οὐσία, τούτου δὲ λόγος ὁ ὁρισμός, διὰ
- 18τοῦτο περὶ ὁρισμοῦ καὶ περὶ τοῦ καθ᾽ αὑτὸ διώρισται· ἐπεὶ δὲ
- 19ὁ ὁρισμὸς λόγος, ὁ δὲ λόγος μέρη ἔχει, ἀναγκαῖον καὶ
- Critical Apparatus20περὶ μέρους ἦν ἰδεῖν, ποῖα τῆς οὐσίας μέρη καὶ ποῖα οὔ, καὶ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 21εἰ ταῦτα καὶ τοῦ ὁρισμοῦ. ἔτι τοίνυν οὔτε τὸ καθόλου οὐσία
- Critical Apparatus Link 22οὔτε τὸ γένος· περὶ δὲ τῶν ἰδεῶν καὶ τῶν μαθηματικῶν
- Editor’s Note23ὕστερον σκεπτέον· παρὰ γὰρ τὰς αἰσθητὰς οὐσίας ταύτας
- Critical Apparatus Link 24λέγουσί τινες εἶναι.—νῦν δὲ περὶ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων οὐσιῶν
- 25ἐπέλθωμεν. αὗται δ᾽ εἰσὶν αἱ αἰσθηταί· αἱ δ᾽ αἰσθηταὶ
- Critical Apparatus Link 26οὐσίαι πᾶσαι ὕλην ἔχουσιν. ἔστι δ᾽ οὐσία τὸ ὑποκείμενον,
- Critical Apparatus Link 27ἄλλως μὲν ἡ ὕλη (ὕλην δὲ λέγω ἣ μὴ τόδε τι οὖσα
- Editor’s Note Link 28ἐνεργείᾳ δυνάμει ἐστὶ τόδε τι), ἄλλως δ᾽ ὁ λόγος καὶ ἡ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 29μορφή, ὃ τόδε τι ὂν τῷ λόγῳ χωριστόν ἐστιν· τρίτον δὲ τὸ
- Editor’s Note30ἐκ τούτων, οὗ γένεσις μόνου καὶ φθορά ἐστι, καὶ χωριστὸν
- Editor’s Note31ἁπλῶς· τῶν γὰρ κατὰ τὸν λόγον οὐσιῶν αἱ μὲν αἱ δ᾽ οὔ.
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 32ὅτι δ᾽ ἐστὶν οὐσία καὶ ἡ ὕλη, δῆλον· ἐν πάσαις γὰρ ταῖς
- 33ἀντικειμέναις μεταβολαῖς ἐστί τι τὸ ὑποκείμενον ταῖς μετα-
- 34βολαῖς, οἷον κατὰ τόπον τὸ νῦν μὲν ἐνταῦθα πάλιν δ᾽
- 35ἄλλοθι, καὶ κατ᾽ αὔξησιν ὃ νῦν μὲν τηλικόνδε πάλιν δ᾽
- 36ἔλαττον ἢ μεῖζον, καὶ κατ᾽ ἀλλοίωσιν ὃ νῦν μὲν ὑγιὲς
- 1042b1πάλιν δὲ κάμνον· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ κατ᾽ οὐσίαν ὃ νῦν μὲν ἐν
- pg 37Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus2γενέσει πάλιν δ᾽ ἐν φθορᾷ, καὶ νῦν μὲν ὑποκείμενον ὡς
- 3τόδε τι πάλιν δ᾽ ὑποκείμενον ὡς κατὰ στέρησιν. καὶ ἀκο-
- Editor’s Note4λουθοῦσι δὴ ταύτῃ αἱ ἄλλαι μεταβολαί, τῶν δ᾽ ἄλλων ἢ
- Editor’s Note Link 5μιᾷ ἢ δυοῖν αὕτη οὐκ ἀκολουθεῖ· οὐ γὰρ ἀνάγκη, εἴ τι
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus6ὕλην ἔχει τοπικήν, τοῦτο καὶ γεννητὴν καὶ φθαρτὴν ἔχειν.
- Editor’s Note Link 7τίς μὲν οὖν διαφορὰ τοῦ ἁπλῶς γίγνεσθαι καὶ μὴ ἁπλῶς,
- Editor’s Note8ἐν τοῖς φυσικοῖς εἴρηται.
- 2 Editor’s Note Link 9Ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἡ μὲν ὡς ὑποκειμένη καὶ ὡς ὕλη οὐσία ὁμο-
- Critical Apparatus Link 10λογεῖται, αὕτη δ᾽ ἐστὶν ἡ δυνάμει, λοιπὸν τὴν ὡς ἐνέργειαν
- Editor’s Note Link 11οὐσίαν τῶν αἰσθητῶν εἰπεῖν τίς ἐστιν. Δημόκριτος μὲν οὖν
- 12τρεῖς διαφορὰς ἔοικεν οἰομένῳ εἶναι (τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑποκεί-
- Critical Apparatus13μενον σῶμα, τὴν ὕλην, ἓν καὶ ταὐτόν, διαφέρειν δὲ ἢ
- Critical Apparatus14ῥυσμῷ, ὅ ἐστι σχῆμα, ἢ τροπῇ, ὅ ἐστι θέσις, ἢ διαθιγῇ, ὅ
- 15ἐστι τάξις)· φαίνονται δὲ πολλαὶ διαφοραὶ οὖσαι, οἷον τὰ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus16μὲν συνθέσει λέγεται τῆς ὕλης, ὥσπερ ὅσα κράσει καθά-
- Critical Apparatus17περ μελίκρατον, τὰ δὲ δεσμῷ οἷον φάκελος, τὰ δὲ κόλλῃ
- Critical Apparatus18οἷον βιβλίον, τὰ δὲ γόμφῳ οἷον κιβώτιον, τὰ δὲ πλείοσι
- Link 19τούτων, τὰ δὲ θέσει οἷον οὐδὸς καὶ ὑπέρθυρον (ταῦτα γὰρ
- 20τῷ κεῖσθαί πως διαφέρει), τὰ δὲ χρόνῳ οἷον δεῖπνον καὶ
- Link 21ἄριστον, τὰ δὲ τόπῳ οἷον τὰ πνεύματα· τὰ δὲ τοῖς τῶν
- 22αἰσθητῶν πάθεσιν οἷον σκληρότητι καὶ μαλακότητι, καὶ
- Critical Apparatus23πυκνότητι καὶ ἀραιότητι, καὶ ξηρότητι καὶ ὑγρότητι, καὶ
- Editor’s Note Link 24τὰ μὲν ἐνίοις τούτων τὰ δὲ πᾶσι τούτοις, καὶ ὅλως τὰ
- Link 25μὲν ὑπεροχῇ τὰ δὲ ἐλλείψει. ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι καὶ τὸ ἔστι
- Link 26τοσαυταχῶς λέγεται· οὐδὸς γὰρ ἔστιν ὅτι οὕτως κεῖται, καὶ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 27τὸ εἶναι τὸ οὕτως αὐτὸ κεῖσθαι σημαίνει, καὶ τὸ κρύσταλ-
- Critical Apparatus28λον εἶναι τὸ οὕτω πεπυκνῶσθαι. ἐνίων δὲ τὸ εἶναι καὶ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 29πᾶσι τούτοις ὁρισθήσεται, τῷ τὰ μὲν μεμῖχθαι, τὰ δὲ κε-
- 30κρᾶσθαι, τὰ δὲ δεδέσθαι, τὰ δὲ πεπυκνῶσθαι, τὰ δὲ ταῖς
- Critical Apparatus31ἄλλαις διαφοραῖς κεχρῆσθαι, ὥσπερ χεὶρ ἢ πούς. λη-
- 32πτέα οὖν τὰ γένη τῶν διαφορῶν (αὗται γὰρ ἀρχαὶ ἔσον-
- Editor’s Note33ται τοῦ εἶναι), οἷον τὰ τῷ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον ἢ πυκνῷ καὶ
- pg 3834μανῷ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς τοιούτοις· πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα
- Critical Apparatus35ὑπεροχὴ καὶ ἔλλειψίς ἐστιν. εἰ δέ τι σχήματι ἢ λειότητι
- Critical Apparatus36καὶ τραχύτητι, πάντα εὐθεῖ καὶ καμπύλῳ. τοῖς δὲ τὸ
- 1043a1εἶναι τὸ μεμῖχθαι ἔσται, ἀντικειμένως δὲ τὸ μὴ εἶναι.
- Editor’s Note Link 2φανερὸν δὴ ἐκ τούτων ὅτι εἴπερ ἡ οὐσία αἰτία τοῦ εἶναι
- 3ἕκαστον, ὅτι ἐν τούτοις ζητητέον τί τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ εἶναι τούτων
- Editor’s Note Link 4ἕκαστον. οὐσία μὲν οὖν οὐδὲν τούτων οὐδὲ συνδυαζόμενον, ὅμως
- Link 5δὲ τὸ ἀνάλογον ἐν ἑκάστῳ· καὶ ὡς ἐν ταῖς οὐσίαις τὸ τῆς
- Critical Apparatus6ὕλης κατηγορούμενον αὐτὴ ἡ ἐνέργεια, καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις
- Editor’s Note Link 7ὁρισμοῖς μάλιστα. οἷον εἰ οὐδὸν δέοι ὁρίσασθαι, ξύλον ἢ
- Link 8λίθον ὡδὶ κείμενον ἐροῦμεν, καὶ οἰκίαν πλίνθους καὶ ξύλα ὡδὶ
- Link 9κείμενα (ἢ ἔτι καὶ τὸ οὗ ἕνεκα ἐπ᾽ ἐνίων ἔστιν), εἰ δὲ κρύσταλ-
- Link 10λον, ὕδωρ πεπηγὸς ἢ πεπυκνωμένον ὡδί· συμφωνία δὲ ὀξέος
- Critical Apparatus11καὶ βαρέος μῖξις τοιαδί· τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν
- 12ἄλλων. φανερὸν δὴ ἐκ τούτων ὅτι ἡ ἐνέργεια ἄλλη ἄλλης
- Editor’s Note13ὕλης καὶ ὁ λόγος· τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἡ σύνθεσις τῶν δ᾽ ἡ μῖξις
- Link 14τῶν δὲ ἄλλο τι τῶν εἰρημένων. διὸ τῶν ὁριζομένων οἱ μὲν
- Critical Apparatus15λέγοντες τί ἐστιν οἰκία, ὅτι λίθοι πλίνθοι ξύλα, τὴν δυνάμει
- Link 16οἰκίαν λέγουσιν, ὕλη γὰρ ταῦτα· οἱ δὲ ἀγγεῖον σκεπαστικὸν
- Critical Apparatus17χρημάτων καὶ σωμάτων ἤ τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτον προτιθέντες, τὴν
- Critical Apparatus18ἐνέργειαν λέγουσιν· οἱ δ᾽ ἄμφω ταῦτα συντιθέντες τὴν τρί-
- 19την καὶ τὴν ἐκ τούτων οὐσίαν (ἔοικε γὰρ ὁ μὲν διὰ τῶν δια-
- Link 20φορῶν λόγος τοῦ εἴδους καὶ τῆς ἐνεργείας εἶναι, ὁ δ᾽ ἐκ τῶν
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 21ἐνυπαρχόντων τῆς ὕλης μᾶλλον)· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ οἵους Ἀρχύ-
- Link 22τας ἀπεδέχετο ὅρους· τοῦ συνάμφω γάρ εἰσιν. οἷον τί ἐστι νη-
- Critical Apparatus23νεμία; ἠρεμία ἐν πλήθει ἀέρος· ὕλη μὲν γὰρ ὁ ἀήρ, ἐνέργεια
- 24δὲ καὶ οὐσία ἡ ἠρεμία. τί ἐστι γαλήνη; ὁμαλότης θαλάττης·
- 25τὸ μὲν ὑποκείμενον ὡς ὕλη ἡ θάλαττα, ἡ δὲ ἐνέργεια καὶ
- Critical Apparatus26ἡ μορφὴ ἡ ὁμαλότης. φανερὸν δὴ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων τίς
- 27ἡ αἰσθητὴ οὐσία ἐστὶ καὶ πῶς· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ὡς ὕλη, ἡ δ᾽
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus28ὡς μορφὴ καὶ ἐνέργεια, ἡ δὲ τρίτη ἡ ἐκ τούτων.
- 3 Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 29Δεῖ δὲ μὴ ἀγνοεῖν ὅτι ἐνίοτε λανθάνει πότερον ση-
- pg 39 Link 30μαίνει τὸ ὄνομα τὴν σύνθετον οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐνέργειαν καὶ
- 31τὴν μορφήν, οἷον ἡ οἰκία πότερον σημεῖον τοῦ κοινοῦ ὅτι
- Critical Apparatus32σκέπασμα ἐκ πλίνθων καὶ λίθων ὡδὶ κειμένων, ἢ τῆς ἐνερ-
- Editor’s Note33γείας καὶ τοῦ εἴδους ὅτι σκέπασμα, καὶ γραμμὴ πότερον
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus34δυὰς ἐν μήκει ἢ [ὅτι] δυάς, καὶ ζῷον πότερον ψυχὴ ἐν
- Link 35σώματι ἢ ψυχή· αὕτη γὰρ οὐσία καὶ ἐνέργεια σώματός
- Critical Apparatus36τινος. εἴη δ᾽ ἂν καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἀμφοτέροις τὸ ζῷον, οὐχ ὡς ἑνὶ
- Editor’s Note37λόγῳ λεγόμενον ἀλλ᾽ ὡς πρὸς ἕν. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα πρὸς μέν
- 38τι ἄλλο διαφέρει, πρὸς δὲ τὴν ζήτησιν τῆς οὐσίας τῆς
- 1043b Link 1αἰσθητῆς οὐδέν· τὸ γὰρ τί ἦν εἶναι τῷ εἴδει καὶ τῇ ἐνερ-
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 2γείᾳ ὑπάρχει. ψυχὴ μὲν γὰρ καὶ ψυχῇ εἶναι ταὐτόν,
- Link 3ἀνθρώπῳ δὲ καὶ ἄνθρωπος οὐ ταὐτόν, εἰ μὴ καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 4ἄνθρωπος λεχθήσεται· οὕτω δὲ τινὶ μὲν τινὶ δ᾽ οὔ.—οὐ φαί-
- Critical Apparatus5νεται δὴ ζητοῦσιν ἡ συλλαβὴ ἐκ τῶν στοιχείων οὖσα καὶ
- 6συνθέσεως, οὐδ᾽ ἡ οἰκία πλίνθοι τε καὶ σύνθεσις. καὶ τοῦτο
- Critical Apparatus7ὀρθῶς· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ σύνθεσις οὐδ᾽ ἡ μῖξις ἐκ τούτων ὧν
- Critical Apparatus8ἐστὶ σύνθεσις ἢ μῖξις. ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ τῶν ἄλλων οὐθέν,
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus9οἷον εἰ ὁ οὐδὸς θέσει, οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ οὐδοῦ ἡ θέσις ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον
- Link 10οὗτος ἐξ ἐκείνης. οὐδὲ δὴ ὁ ἄνθρωπός ἐστι τὸ ζῷον καὶ δί-
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus11πουν, ἀλλά τι δεῖ εἶναι ὃ παρὰ ταῦτά ἐστιν, εἰ ταῦθ᾽ ὕλη,
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus12οὔτε δὲ στοιχεῖον οὔτ᾽ ἐκ στοιχείου, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ οὐσία· ὃ ἐξαιροῦντες
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 13τὴν ὕλην λέγουσιν. εἰ οὖν τοῦτ᾽ αἴτιον τοῦ εἶναι, καὶ οὐσία
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 14τοῦτο, αὐτὴν ἂν τὴν οὐσίαν οὐ λέγοιεν. (ἀνάγκη δὴ ταύτην ἢ
- 15ἀΐδιον εἶναι ἢ φθαρτὴν ἄνευ τοῦ φθείρεσθαι καὶ γεγονέναι
- Editor’s Note16ἄνευ τοῦ γίγνεσθαι. δέδεικται δὲ καὶ δεδήλωται ἐν ἄλλοις
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus17ὅτι τὸ εἶδος οὐθεὶς ποιεῖ οὐδὲ γεννᾷ, ἀλλὰ ποιεῖται τόδε,
- Editor’s Note Link 18γίγνεται δὲ τὸ ἐκ τούτων. εἰ δ᾽ εἰσὶ τῶν φθαρτῶν αἱ οὐσίαι
- Editor’s Note19χωρισταί, οὐδέν πω δῆλον· πλὴν ὅτι γ᾽ ἐνίων οὐκ ἐνδέχεται
- 20δῆλον, ὅσα μὴ οἷόν τε παρὰ τὰ τινὰ εἶναι, οἷον οἰκίαν ἢ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 21σκεῦος. ἴσως μὲν οὖν οὐδ᾽ οὐσίαι εἰσὶν οὔτ᾽ αὐτὰ ταῦτα οὔτε
- pg 4022τι τῶν ἄλλων ὅσα μὴ φύσει συνέστηκεν· τὴν γὰρ φύσιν
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 23μόνην ἄν τις θείη τὴν ἐν τοῖς φθαρτοῖς οὐσίαν.) ὥστε ἡ
- Editor’s Note24ἀπορία ἣν οἱ Ἀντισθένειοι καὶ οἱ οὕτως ἀπαίδευτοι ἠπόρουν
- Link 25ἔχει τινὰ καιρόν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι τὸ τί ἔστιν ὁρίσασθαι (τὸν
- Critical Apparatus26γὰρ ὅρον λόγον εἶναι μακρόν), ἀλλὰ ποῖον μέν τί ἐστιν
- Critical Apparatus27ἐνδέχεται καὶ διδάξαι, ὥσπερ ἄργυρον, τί μέν ἐστιν οὔ,
- Critical Apparatus28ὅτι δ᾽ οἷον καττίτερος· ὥστ᾽ οὐσίας ἔστι μὲν ἧς ἐνδέχεται
- Editor’s Note29εἶναι ὅρον καὶ λόγον, οἷον τῆς συνθέτου, ἐάν τε αἰσθητὴ
- Critical Apparatus30ἐάν τε νοητὴ ᾖ· ἐξ ὧν δ᾽ αὕτη πρώτων, οὐκέτι, εἴπερ τὶ
- Editor’s Note31κατὰ τινὸς σημαίνει ὁ λόγος ὁ ὁριστικὸς καὶ δεῖ τὸ μὲν
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 32ὥσπερ ὕλην εἶναι τὸ δὲ ὡς μορφήν.—φανερὸν δὲ καὶ
- Editor’s Note33διότι, εἴπερ εἰσί πως ἀριθμοὶ αἱ οὐσίαι, οὕτως εἰσὶ καὶ οὐχ
- 34ὥς τινες λέγουσι μονάδων· ὅ τε γὰρ ὁρισμὸς ἀριθμός τις·
- 35διαιρετός τε γὰρ καὶ εἰς ἀδιαίρετα (οὐ γὰρ ἄπειροι οἱ
- Critical Apparatus Link 36λόγοι), καὶ ὁ ἀριθμὸς δὲ τοιοῦτον. καὶ ὥσπερ οὐδ᾽ ἀπ᾽
- 37ἀριθμοῦ αφαιρεθέντος τινὸς ἢ προστεθέντος ἐξ ὧν ὁ ἀριθμός
- Critical Apparatus38ἐστιν, οὐκέτι ὁ αὐτὸς ἀριθμός ἐστιν ἀλλ᾽ ἕτερος, κἂν τοὐλά-
- 1044a1χιστον ἀφαιρεθῇ ἢ προστεθῇ, οὕτως οὐδὲ ὁ ὁρισμὸς οὐδὲ τὸ τί
- Editor’s Note Link 2ἦν εἶναι οὐκέτι ἔσται ἀφαιρεθέντος τινὸς ἢ προστεθέντος. καὶ
- Critical Apparatus3τὸν ἀριθμὸν δεῖ εἶναί τι ᾧ εἷς, ὃ νῦν οὐκ ἔχουσι λέγειν τίνι
- Critical Apparatus4εἷς, εἴπερ ἐστὶν εἷς (ἢ γὰρ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀλλ᾽ οἷον σωρός, ἢ
- 5εἴπερ ἐστί, λεκτέον τί τὸ ποιοῦν ἓν ἐκ πολλῶν)· καὶ ὁ ὁρι-
- 6σμὸς εἷς ἐστίν, ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ τοῦτον ἔχουσι λέγειν. καὶ τοῦτο
- 7εἰκότως συμβαίνει· τοῦ αὐτοῦ γὰρ λόγου, καὶ ἡ οὐσία ἓν οὕτως,
- Editor’s Note8ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὡς λέγουσί τινες οἷον μονάς τις οὖσα ἢ στιγμή,
- Editor’s Note9ἀλλ᾽ ἐντελέχεια καὶ φύσις τις ἑκάστη. καὶ ὥσπερ οὐδὲ ὁ
- 10ἀριθμὸς ἔχει τὸ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον, οὐδ᾽ ἡ κατὰ τὸ εἶδος
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus11οὐσία, ἀλλ᾽ εἴπερ, ἡ μετὰ τῆς ὕλης. περὶ μὲν οὖν γενέσεως
- Critical Apparatus12καὶ φθορᾶς τῶν λεγομένων οὐσιῶν, πῶς τ᾽ ἐνδέχεται καὶ
- Critical Apparatus13πῶς ἀδύνατον, καὶ περὶ τῆς εἰς τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἀναγωγῆς,
- 14ἔστω μέχρι τούτων διωρισμένον.
- pg 414 Editor’s Note Link 15Περὶ δὲ τῆς ὑλικῆς οὐσίας δεῖ μὴ λανθάνειν ὅτι εἰ
- Editor’s Note16καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ πάντα πρώτου ἢ τῶν αὐτῶν ὡς πρώτων
- Critical Apparatus17καὶ ἡ αὐτὴ ὕλη ὡς ἀρχὴ τοῖς γιγνομένοις, ὅμως ἔστι τις
- Critical Apparatus18οἰκεία ἑκάστου, οἷον φλέγματος [ἐστι πρώτη ὕλη] τὰ γλυκέα
- 19ἢ λιπαρά, χολῆς δὲ τὰ πικρὰ ἢ ἄλλ᾽ ἄττα· ἴσως δὲ
- 20ταῦτα ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ. γίγνονται δὲ πλείους ὗλαι τοῦ αὐτοῦ
- 21ὅταν θατέρου ἡ ἑτέρα ᾖ, οἷον φλέγμα ἐκ λιπαροῦ καὶ γλυ-
- Editor’s Note22κέος εἰ τὸ λιπαρὸν ἐκ τοῦ γλυκέος, ἐκ δὲ χολῆς τῷ ἀνα-
- 23λύεσθαι εἰς τὴν πρώτην ὕλην τὴν χολήν. διχῶς γὰρ τόδ᾽
- Critical Apparatus24ἐκ τοῦδε, ἢ ὅτι πρὸ ὁδοῦ ἔσται ἢ ὅτι ἀναλυθέντος εἰς τὴν
- 25ἀρχήν. ἐνδέχεται δὲ μιᾶς τῆς ὕλης οὔσης ἕτερα γίγνεσθαι
- Critical Apparatus26διὰ τὴν κινοῦσαν αἰτίαν, οἷον ἐκ ξύλου καὶ κιβωτὸς καὶ
- Link 27κλίνη. ἐνίων δ᾽ ἑτέρα ἡ ὕλη ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἑτέρων ὄντων,
- 28οἷον πρίων οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο ἐκ ξύλου, οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ τῇ κινούσῃ αἰτίᾳ
- Critical Apparatus29τοῦτο· οὐ γὰρ ποιήσει πρίονα ἐξ ἐρίου ἢ ξύλου. εἰ δ᾽ ἄρα
- Critical Apparatus30τὸ αὐτὸ ἐνδέχεται ἐξ ἄλλης ὕλης ποιῆσαι, δῆλον ὅτι ἡ
- Critical Apparatus31τέχνη καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ ἡ ὡς κινοῦσα ἡ αὐτή· εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἡ ὕλη
- Critical Apparatus Link 32ἑτέρα καὶ τὸ κινοῦν, καὶ τὸ γεγονός.—ὅταν δή τις ζητῇ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus33τὸ αἴτιον, ἐπεὶ πλεοναχῶς τὰ αἴτια λέγεται, πάσας δεῖ
- Link 34λέγειν τὰς ἐνδεχομένας αἰτίας. οἷον ἀνθρώπου τίς αἰτία ὡς
- Editor’s Note35ὕλη; ἆρα τὰ καταμήνια; τί δ᾽ ὡς κινοῦν; ἆρα τὸ σπέρμα;
- Link 36τί δ᾽ ὡς τὸ εἶδος; τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι. τί δ᾽ ὡς οὗ ἕνεκα; τὸ
- 1044bEditor’s Note Link 1τέλος. ἴσως δὲ ταῦτα ἄμφω τὸ αὐτό. δεῖ δὲ τὰ ἐγγύ-
- Critical Apparatus2τατα αἴτια λέγειν. τίς ἡ ὕλη; μὴ πῦρ ἢ γῆν ἀλλὰ
- Critical Apparatus3τὴν ἴδιον. περὶ μὲν οὖν τὰς φυσικὰς οὐσίας καὶ γενητὰς
- Critical Apparatus4ἀνάγκη οὕτω μετιέναι εἴ τις μέτεισιν ὀρθῶς, εἴπερ ἄρα
- 5αἴτιά τε ταῦτα καὶ τοσαῦτα καὶ δεῖ τὰ αἴτια γνωρίζειν·
- Editor’s Note Link 6ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν φυσικῶν μὲν ἀϊδίων δὲ οὐσιῶν ἄλλος λόγος.
- 7ἴσως γὰρ ἔνια οὐκ ἔχει ὕλην, ἢ οὐ τοιαύτην ἀλλὰ μόνον
- Critical Apparatus Link 8κατὰ τόπον κινητήν. οὐδ᾽ ὅσα δὴ φύσει μέν, μὴ οὐσίαι δέ,
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 9οὐκ ἔστι τούτοις ὕλη, ἀλλὰ τὸ ὑποκείμενον ἡ οὐσία. οἷον τί
- Critical Apparatus10αἴτιον ἐκλείψεως, τίς ὕλη; οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ σελήνη τὸ
- pg 42Critical Apparatus11πάσχον. τί δ᾽ αἴτιον ὡς κινῆσαν καὶ φθεῖραν τὸ φῶς; ἡ
- Editor’s Note Link 12γῆ. τὸ δ᾽ οὗ ἕνεκα ἴσως οὐκ ἔστιν. τὸ δ᾽ ὡς εἶδος ὁ λόγος,
- Link 13ἀλλὰ ἄδηλος ἐὰν μὴ μετὰ τῆς αἰτίας ᾖ ὁ λόγος. οἷον τί
- Critical Apparatus14ἔκλειψις; στέρησις φωτός. ἐὰν δὲ προστεθῇ τὸ ὑπὸ γῆς ἐν
- Link 15μέσῳ γιγνομένης, ὁ σὺν τῷ αἰτίῳ λόγος οὗτος. ὕπνου δ᾽
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus16ἄδηλον τί τὸ πρῶτον πάσχον. ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι τὸ ζῷον; ναί,
- Editor’s Note17ἀλλὰ τοῦτο κατὰ τί, καὶ τί πρῶτον; καρδία ἢ ἄλλο τι.
- 18εἶτα ὑπὸ τίνος; εἶτα τί τὸ πάθος, τὸ ἐκείνου καὶ μὴ τοῦ
- Critical Apparatus19ὅλου; ὅτι ἀκινησία τοιαδί; ναί, ἀλλ᾽ αὕτη τῷ τί πάσχειν
- 20τὸ πρῶτον;
- 5 Editor’s Note Link 21Ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἔνια ἄνευ γενέσεως καὶ φθορᾶς ἔστι καὶ οὐκ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus22ἔστιν, οἷον αἱ στιγμαί, εἴπερ εἰσί, καὶ ὅλως τὰ εἴδη
- Critical Apparatus Link 23(οὐ γὰρ τὸ λευκὸν γίγνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ ξύλον λευκόν, εἰ
- 24ἔκ τινος καὶ τὶ πᾶν τὸ γιγνόμενον γίγνεται), οὐ πάντα
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus25ἂν τἀναντία γίγνοιτο ἐξ ἀλλήλων, ἀλλ᾽ ἑτέρως λευκὸς
- 26ἄνθρωπος ἐκ μέλανος ἀνθρώπου καὶ λευκὸν ἐκ μέλανος·
- 27οὐδὲ παντὸς ὕλη ἔστιν ἀλλ᾽ ὅσων γένεσις ἔστι καὶ μεταβολὴ
- Critical Apparatus28εἰς ἄλληλα· ὅσα δ᾽ ἄνευ τοῦ μεταβάλλειν ἔστιν ἢ μή, οὐκ
- 29ἔστι τούτων ὕλη.—ἔχει δ᾽ ἀπορίαν πῶς πρὸς τἀναντία ἡ
- Critical Apparatus30ὕλη ἡ ἑκάστου ἔχει. οἷον εἰ τὸ σῶμα δυνάμει ὑγιεινόν,
- 31ἐναντίον δὲ νόσος ὑγιείᾳ, ἆρα ἄμφω δυνάμει; καὶ τὸ
- Critical Apparatus32ὕδωρ δυνάμει οἶνος καὶ ὄξος; ἢ τοῦ μὲν καθ᾽ ἕξιν καὶ
- Critical Apparatus Link 33κατὰ τὸ εἶδος ὕλη, τοῦ δὲ κατὰ στέρησιν καὶ φθορὰν τὴν
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 34παρὰ φύσιν; ἀπορία δέ τις ἔστι καὶ διὰ τί ὁ οἶνος οὐχ
- Critical Apparatus35ὕλη τοῦ ὄξους οὐδὲ δυνάμει ὄξος (καίτοι γίγνεται ἐξ αὐτοῦ
- Editor’s Note36ὄξος) καὶ ὁ ·ζῶν δυνάμει νεκρός. ἢ οὔ, ἀλλὰ κατὰ συμ-
- 1045aCritical Apparatus1βεβηκὸς αἱ φθοραί, ἡ δὲ τοῦ ζῴου ὕλη αὐτὴ κατὰ φθορὰν
- 2νεκροῦ δύναμις καὶ ὕλη, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ὄξους· γίγνεται γὰρ
- Editor’s Note Link 3ἐκ τούτων ὥσπερ ἐξ ἡμέρας νύξ. καὶ ὅσα δὴ οὕτω μετα-
- Critical Apparatus4βάλλει εἰς ἄλληλα, εἰς τὴν ὕλην δεῖ ἐπανελθεῖν, οἷον εἰ
- 5ἐκ νεκροῦ ζῷον, εἰς τὴν ὕλην πρῶτον, εἶθ᾽ οὕτω ζῷον· καὶ
- 6τὸ ὄξος εἰς ὕδωρ, εἶθ᾽ οὕτως οἶνος.
- pg 436 Editor’s Note Link 7Περὶ δὲ τῆς ἀπορίας τῆς εἰρημένης περί τε τοὺς ὁρι-
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus Link 8σμοὺς καὶ περὶ τοὺς ἀριθμούς, τί αἴτιον τοῦ ἓν εἶναι; πάντων
- Critical Apparatus9γὰρ ὅσα πλείω μέρη ἔχει καὶ μὴ ἔστιν οἷον σωρὸς τὸ πᾶν
- Critical Apparatus10ἀλλ᾽ ἔστι τι τὸ ὅλον παρὰ τὰ μόρια, ἔστι τι αἴτιον, ἐπεὶ
- 11καὶ ἐν τοῖς σώμασι τοῖς μὲν ἁφὴ αἰτία τοῦ ἓν εἶναι τοῖς
- Link 12δὲ γλισχρότης ἤ τι πάθος ἕτερον τοιοῦτον. ὁ δ᾽ ὁρισμὸς
- 13λόγος ἐστὶν εἷς οὐ συνδέσμῳ καθάπερ ἡ Ἰλιὰς ἀλλὰ τῷ
- Link 14ἑνὸς εἶναι. τί οὖν ἐστὶν ὃ ποιεῖ ἓν τὸν ἄνθρωπον, καὶ διὰ τί
- Link 15ἓν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ πολλά, οἷον τό τε ζῷον καὶ τὸ δίπουν, ἄλλως
- Critical Apparatus16τε δὴ καὶ εἰ ἔστιν, ὥσπερ φασί τινες, αὐτό τι ζῷον καὶ
- Critical Apparatus17αὐτὸ δίπουν; διὰ τί γὰρ οὐκ ἐκεῖνα αὐτὰ ὁ ἄνθρωπός ἐστι,
- Critical Apparatus18καὶ ἔσονται κατὰ μέθεξιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι οὐκ ἀνθρώπου οὐδ᾽
- 19ἑνὸς ἀλλὰ δυοῖν, ζῴου καὶ δίποδος, καὶ ὅλως δὴ οὐκ ἂν
- 20εἴη ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἓν ἀλλὰ πλείω, ζῷον καὶ δίπουν; φανε-
- 21ρὸν δὴ ὅτι οὕτω μὲν μετιοῦσιν ὡς εἰώθασιν ὁρίζεσθαι καὶ
- Link 22λέγειν, οὐκ ἐνδέχεται ἀποδοῦναι καὶ λῦσαι τὴν ἀπορίαν·
- Link 23εἰ δ᾽ ἐστίν, ὥσπερ λέγομεν, τὸ μὲν ὕλη τὸ δὲ μορφή, καὶ
- 24τὸ μὲν δυνάμει τὸ δὲ ἐνεργείᾳ, οὐκέτι ἀπορία δόξειεν ἂν
- Editor’s Note Link 25εἶναι τὸ ζητούμενον. ἔστι γὰρ αὕτη ἡ ἀπορία ἡ αὐτὴ κἂν
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus26εἰ ὁ ὅρος εἴη ἱματίου στρογγύλος χαλκός· εἴη γὰρ ἂν
- 27σημεῖον τοὔνομα τοῦτο τοῦ λόγου, ὥστε τὸ ζητούμενόν ἐστι
- Critical Apparatus28τί αἴτιον τοῦ ἓν εἶναι τὸ στρογγύλον καὶ τὸν χαλκόν.
- Critical Apparatus Link 29οὐκέτι δὴ ἀπορία φαίνεται, ὅτι τὸ μὲν ὕλη τὸ δὲ μορφή.
- Critical Apparatus Link 30τί οὖν τούτου αἴτιον, τοῦ τὸ δυνάμει ὂν ἐνεργείᾳ εἶναι,
- 31παρὰ τὸ ποιῆσαν, ἐν ὅσοις ἔστι γένεσις; οὐθὲν γάρ ἐστιν
- 32αἴτιον ἕτερον τοῦ τὴν δυνάμει σφαῖραν ἐνεργείᾳ εἶναι σφαῖ-
- Editor’s Note Link 33ραν, ἀλλὰ τοῦτ᾽ ἦν τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι ἑκατέρῳ. ἔστι δὲ τῆς
- Editor’s Note Link 34ὕλης ἡ μὲν νοητὴ ἡ δ᾽ αἰσθητή, καὶ ἀεὶ τοῦ λόγου τὸ μὲν
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus35ὕλη τὸ δὲ ἐνέργειά ἐστιν, οἷον ὁ κύκλος σχῆμα ἐπίπεδον.
- Editor’s Note Link 36ὅσα δὲ μὴ ἔχει ὕλην μήτε νοητὴν μήτε αἰσθητήν, εὐθὺς
- 1045bCritical Apparatus1ὅπερ ἕν τί [εἶναί] ἐστιν ἕκαστον, ὥσπερ καὶ ὅπερ ὄν τι, τὸ
- pg 44Critical Apparatus2τόδε, τὸ ποιόν, τὸ ποσόν—διὸ καὶ οὐκ ἔνεστιν ἐν τοῖς ὁρι-
- 3σμοῖς οὔτε τὸ ὂν οὔτε τὸ ἕν—, καὶ τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι εὐθὺς ἕν τί
- Critical Apparatus4ἐστιν ὥσπερ καὶ ὄν τι—διὸ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἕτερόν τι αἴτιον τοῦ
- Critical Apparatus5ἓν εἶναι οὐθενὶ τούτων οὐδὲ τοῦ ὄν τι εἶναι· εὐθὺς γὰρ ἕκαστόν
- Editor’s Note6ἐστιν ὄν τι καὶ ἕν τι, οὐχ ὡς ἐν γένει τῷ ὄντι καὶ τῷ ἑνί,
- Editor’s Note7οὐδ᾽ ὡς χωριστῶν ὄντων παρὰ τὰ καθ᾽ ἕκαστα. διὰ ταύτην
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus8δὲ τὴν ἀπορίαν οἱ μὲν μέθεξιν λέγουσι, καὶ αἴτιον τί τῆς
- 9μεθέξεως καὶ τί τὸ μετέχειν ἀποροῦσιν· οἱ δὲ συνουσίαν
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus10[ψυχῆς], ὥσπερ Λυκόφρων φησὶν εἶναι τὴν ἐπιστήμην τοῦ
- 11ἐπίστασθαι καὶ ψυχῆς· οἱ δὲ σύνθεσιν ἢ σύνδεσμον ψυχῆς
- Editor’s Note12σώματι τὸ ζῆν. καίτοι ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος ἐπὶ πάντων· καὶ
- 13γὰρ τὸ ὑγιαίνειν ἔσται ἢ συνουσία ἢ σύνδεσμος ἢ σύνθεσις
- Critical Apparatus14ψυχῆς καὶ ὑγιείας, καὶ τὸ τὸν χαλκὸν εἶναι τρίγωνον
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus15σύνθεσις χαλκοῦ καὶ τριγώνου, καὶ τὸ λευκὸν εἶναι σύνθε-
- Link 16σις ἐπιφανείας καὶ λευκότητος. αἴτιον δ᾽ ὅτι δυνάμεως
- Critical Apparatus Link 17καὶ ἐντελεχείας ζητοῦσι λόγον ἑνοποιὸν καὶ διαφοράν. ἔστι
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus18δ᾽, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἡ ἐσχάτη ὕλη καὶ ἡ μορφὴ ταὐτὸ καὶ
- Editor’s NoteCritical Apparatus19ἕν, δυνάμει, τὸ δὲ ἐνεργείᾳ, ὥστε ὅμοιον τὸ ζητεῖν τοῦ
- 20ἑνὸς τί αἴτιον καὶ τοῦ ἓν εἶναι· ἓν γάρ τι ἕκαστον, καὶ τὸ
- 21δυνάμει καὶ τὸ ἐνεργείᾳ ἕν πώς ἐστιν, ὥστε αἴτιον οὐθὲν
- Critical Apparatus22ἄλλο πλὴν εἴ τι ὡς κινῆσαν ἐκ δυνάμεως εἰς ἐνέργειαν.
- Critical Apparatus23ὅσα δὲ μὴ ἔχει ὕλην, πάντα ἁπλῶς ὅπερ ἕν τι.
Critical Apparatus
1042a 3 συλλογίσασθαι Ab Al.: συλλογίζεσθαι EJ
συναγαγόντα Ab: συνάγοντας E sed ς in ras.
Editor’s Note
1042a 3. We proceed to sum up what has been said and to bring our inquiry to its conclusion. We have said that (1) the causes of substances are the object of our search.
6. (2) Some substances are generally recognized, i. e. the physical, viz. the elements, plants and animals and their parts, the physical universe and its parts; while certain thinkers treat the Forms and the objects of mathematics as substances.
12. (3) Other substances are established by argument—the essence, the substratum, the genus, the universal; with the two latter are connected the Ideas.
17. (4) Since the essence is substance, we had to discuss definition and therefore also what parts are parts of the substance, and whether these are also parts of the definition.
21. (5) Neither the universal nor the genus is substance; the Ideas and the objects of mathematics must be considered later.
24. We must now discuss the acknowledged substances, viz. those that are sensible, all of which have matter. The substratum is substance, and this is (1) in one sense the matter (which is potentially a 'this'), (2) in another the definition or shape (which is a 'this' and is separable in definition), (3) in another the union of these, which alone is subject to generation and destruction and is separable in the full sense (while only some of the substances in the sense of definable essences are separable).
32. Of these three, even (1) matter is substance, for in all change there is something that underlies the change, whether it be change of place, of size, of quality, or in respect of substance (generation and destruction).
b 3. The last kind of change involves all the others, but either one or two of the others do not involve it; a thing need not have matter for generation and destruction if it has the matter or potentiality for local change.
Editor’s Note
The chapter opens with a summary of the contents of Book Z.
1042a 4–6 refers, roughly, to Z. 1,
„ 6–12 „ „ „ 2,
„ 12–15 „ „ „ 3. 1028b 33–36,
„ 17, 18 „ „ „ 4–6, 12, 15,
„ 18–21 „ „ „ 10, 11,
„ 21, 22 „ „ „ 13, 16. 1040b 16—1041a 5.
It is noteworthy that the summary makes no reference to Z. 7–9, which we have already seen reason to regard as not belonging to the original plan of Z. The doctrine of those chapters is, however, referred to below in l. 30.
Editor’s Note
1042a 3. συλλογίσασθαι seems to have its original meaning of 'reckoning up'. 'We must reckon up the results of what has been said and compute the sum of them.' Cf. E. N. 1101a 34 συλλογιστέον καὶ ταύτην τὴν διαφοράν.
Critical Apparatus
4 δὲ γρ. E
Critical Apparatus
5 τὰ alt. om. Ab
Critical Apparatus
a 8 ἀὴρ om. JΓ
Editor’s Note
8. τἆλλα τὰ ἁπλᾶ σώματα, cf. Δ. 1017b 11, Z. l028b 11. What simple bodies other than the four elements can Aristotle mean? The answer is given by De Caelo 268b 27 λέγω δʼ ἁπλᾶ … οἷον πῦρ καὶ γῆν καὶ τὰ τούτων εἴδη καὶ τὰ συγγενῆ τούτοις. I.e. τἆλλα is the various species of fire, air, water, and earth (τὰ συγγενῆ τούτοις = air and water, cf. Meteor. 339a 28).
Critical Apparatus
10 ὁ om. Ab
Editor’s Note
10. ὁ οὐρανός, 'the physical universe', as in Z. 1028b 12.
Critical Apparatus
11 τέ Ab
τινας fecit Ab
Critical Apparatus
12 δὴ om. Γ: δεῖ J
Critical Apparatus
17 ὁ λόγος ὁρισμός Al.
Critical Apparatus
20 καὶ εἰ EJΓ Al.: εἰ Ab
Critical Apparatus
21 ταὐτὰ Al.
ὁρισμοῦ δὴ sed η in ras. E: ὁρισμοῦ δεῖ JΓ: ὡρισμένου γρ. E: ὁρισμοῦ καὶ τοῦ ὡρισμένου fort. Al.
ἔτι] ἔστι Christ
Editor’s Note
21. Christ is right in dispensing with the comma after ταῦτα. τοῦτα = τὰ τῆς οὐσίας μέρη.
Christ's emendation of ἔτι to ἔστι is unnecessary. For ἔτι τοίνυν cf. Λ. 1071b 20.
Critical Apparatus
22 τῶν pr. om. Ab
Editor’s Note
23. ὕστερον σκεπτέον, in MN.
Critical Apparatus
24 νῦν … 25 αἰσθηταί AbΓ Al.: om. EJ
Critical Apparatus
26 οὐσίσι EJΓ Al.: οὖσαι Ab
τὰ ὑποκείμενα γρ. E Al.
Critical Apparatus
27, 28 ἄλλως δʼ ὁ λόγος et ante et post parenthesin Ab et fort. Al.; ante parenthesin γρ. E
Editor’s Note
28. ἄλλως δʼ ὁ λόγος καὶ ἡ μορφή, cf. Z. 1029a 2 n.
Critical Apparatus
29 ὃ cm. Ab
Editor’s Note
29. For the description of form as τόδε τι cf. Δ. 1017b 25 n.
Editor’s Note
30. οὗ γένεσις μόνου καὶ φθορά ἐστι, cf. Z. 8.
Editor’s Note
31. αἱ μὲν αἱ δʼ οὔ. The only form that is χωριστὸν ἁπλῶς is νοῦς. Cf. Λ. 7, 9, De An. 413b 24, 429b 5, 430a 22. Reason exists in God, in the spirits of the spheres, and in man.
Critical Apparatus
32 καὶ om. Γ
ἡ erasum in E
Editor’s Note
32–b 3. Aristotle's classification of change into four kinds is partly anticipated in Theaet. 181 d, where Plato distinguishes ἀλλοίωσις and φορά.
Critical Apparatus
b 2 μὲν EJΓ et fort. Al.: om. Ab
Editor’s Note
b 2–3. νῦν μὲν … στέρησιν. νῦν μέν refers to the time when a substance is being destroyed, πάλιν δέ to the time when it is being produced. What underlies or undergoes destruction is matter qualified by a positive form, i. e. a τόδε τι; what underlies generation is matter qualified by a privation.
Editor’s Note
4. ἢ μιᾷ ἢ δυοῖν. Aristotle leaves it open whether ὕλη ἀλλοιωτή, as well as ὕλη τοπική, does not imply ὕλη γεννητή; in Θ. 1050b 17 he says definitely that it does not. His words here suggest that ὕλη αὐξητή implies ὕλη γεννητή, and this is confirmed by De Gen. et Corr. i. 5 (e. g. 322a 6, 7). On the relations between the various ὗλαι cf. Z. 1036a 9 n.
Critical Apparatus
6 ἔχει ὕλην EJ
Editor’s Note
ὕλην … γεννητήν, not matter that can be generated (matter is eternal) but matter which can take on a new substantial form.
Editor’s Note
7. τὸ μὴ ἁπλῶς γίγνεσθαι is applicable to the three kinds of change other than generation or destruction, viz. φορά, αὔξησις, ἀλλοίωσις, in which a thing does not come to be, simply, but changes its place, size, or quality. The distinction in De Gen. et Corr. i. 3 between ἁπλῆ γένεσις and γένεσίς τις within the category of substance does not seem to be in Aristotle's mind here.
Editor’s Note
8. ἐν τοῖς φυσικοῖς εἴρηται, Phys. 225a 12–20, De Gen. et Corr. 317a 17–31. For the citation of other works than the Physics under the title τὰ φυσικά cf. Bz. Index 102b 9.
Editor’s Note
1042b 9. Since substance as matter, i. e. the substance that is substance potentially, is generally recognized, we next (2) discuss the substance, as actuality, of sensible things. Democritus seems to think there are three differentiae—shape, position, order.
15. But there are many; things are characterized by composition (e. g. by being mixed), by being tied, glued, nailed; by position, time, place; by the sensible qualities such as hardness and softness, some by some, some by all of these, and in general by excess and defect.
25. 'Is' must therefore have just as many meanings; for a threshold 'being' means being so situated, for ice it means being so solidified; the being of some things, e. g. a hand, will be defined by all these characteristics.
31. We must grasp the kinds of differentia, for they will be principles of being; e. g. excess and defect, straightness and crookedness, mixture.
1043a 2. Since substance is the cause of a thing's being, it will depend on these differentiae what kind of being the thing in question has. None of them is substance even when coupled with matter, yet they are analogous to substance; as in the definition of substances what is predicated of the matter is the actuality, in other definitions it is what most resembles actuality.
7. E. g. to define 'threshold' we say 'wood or stone in such a position' (adding sometimes the final cause).
12. To different matter there answers a different actuality or definition—composition, mixture, &c. Those who define a house as 'stones, bricks, and timbers' are stating the potential house; those who say 'a covering for animals and goods' state the actuality; those who combine both statements give the concrete substance.
21. Of the last kind were the definitions approved by Archytas, e. g. 'still weather is absence of motion in a large extent of air'.
26. Sensible substance, then, is (1) matter, (2) form and actuality, (3) the union of the two.
Critical Apparatus
10 ἐνέργεια Ab: ἐνεργείᾳ Al.
Editor’s Note
1042b 11–15, cf. A. 985b 13–19 nn.
Critical Apparatus
13 διαφέρει AbΓ
Critical Apparatus
14 διαθιγῇ E2JAb Al.: διαθιγῇ E1
Critical Apparatus
16 ὥσπερ om. Ab
Editor’s Note
16. It is curious to find κρᾶσις treated as a kind of σύνθεσις. Elsewhere the two are opposed as one might oppose chemical combination to mechanical composition (De Gen. et Corr. 328a 8, N. 1092a 24, 26, and cf. 1042b 29 n. with 1043a 13). But cf. De An. 407b 30 τὴν ἁρμονίαν κρᾶσιν καὶ σύνθεσιν ἐναντίων εἶναι. σύνθεσις may in fact be used as the genus including κρᾶσις, though usually it means a species opposed to it.
Critical Apparatus
17 φάκελλος fecit E
Critical Apparatus
18 δὲ ἐν πλείοσι AbΓ: δὲ ἐμπλείοσιν J
Critical Apparatus
23 ἀραιότητι] μανότητι EJ Al.
Editor’s Note
24. τὰ μὲν ἐνίοις τούτων τὰ δὲ πᾶσι τούτοις. All physical bodies are characterized, according to Aristotle, by dryness or wetness (which form one of the πρῶται ἐναντιότητες), and presumably also by density or rarity. Every ὡρισμένον σῶμα, i. e. every actual sensible body as distinguished from the pure elements, is characterized as well by hardness or softness (Meteor. 382a 8).
Editor’s Note
καὶ ὅλως τὰ μὲν ὑπεροχῇ τὰ δὲ ἐλλείψει. This applies only to τὰ τοῖς τῶν αἰσθητῶν πάθεσιν (l. 21).
Critical Apparatus
27 κρυστάλλῳ Bonitz
Editor’s Note
27. We should perhaps read κρυστάλλῳ with one manuscript of Alexander, but κρύσταλλον is not impossible.
Critical Apparatus
28 τὸ alt.] τὸ sad ο in ras. E
εἶναι] εἶδος Ab
Critical Apparatus
29 τὰ δὲ κεκρᾶσθαι om. Al.
Editor’s Note
29. τὰ μὲν μεμῖχθαι, τὰ δὲ κεκρᾶσθαι. κρᾶσις is properly a kind of μῖξις, the μῖξις of liquids (Top. 122b 26–31). μῖξις is probably here used in a narrower sense = the chemical mixture of solids.
Critical Apparatus
31 ἡ χεὶρ E: ἢ χεὶρ J
ληπτέον E
Editor’s Note
33. τὰ τῷ μᾶλλον, i. e. those that are characterized by degree, the πάθη τῶν αἰσθητῶν, cf. 21–25.
Critical Apparatus
b 35 ὑπεροχὴ καὶ ἔλλειψις EJΓ Al.: ὑπεροχῇ καὶ ἐλλείψει Ab
Critical Apparatus
36 πάντα] ἢ Γ
Editor’s Note
1043a 2. ἡ οὐσία αἰτία τοῦ εἶναι, cf. Z. 17.
Editor’s Note
4–5. οὐσία μὲν οὖν … ἑκάστῳ. I. e. none of these differentiae is substance either (1) when taken by itself or (2) when coupled with matter; but it is what is analogous to substance in each case. The differentiae mentioned are in categories other than substances—in that of ἔχειν (σύνθεσις, δεσμός, κόλλη, γόμφος), of κεῖσθαι, of ποτέ, of πού, or of ποιόν (τὰ τῶν αἰσθητῶν πάθη). They indicate not the inmost nature of that to which they belong but a mode of arrangement or other characteristic which may be only temporary. Therefore the things characterized by them—(1) artefacta, (2) states of a substance (κρύσταλλον, and perhaps πνεῦμα, cf. Meteor.ii. 4), (3) parts of living things—are not substances but only analogous to substances in that they contain elements answering to matter and form. For the exclusion of (1) from the dignity of substance cf. b 21, Z. 1041b 29, and for the exclusion of (3) cf. Z. 1040b 6. The reason for the exclusion of (3) is stated there.
Critical Apparatus
1043a 6 αὕτη Ab
Editor’s Note
7. μάλιστα. I. e. it is more truly ἐνέργεια than anything else in such definitions is.
Critical Apparatus
11 μίξει Ab
Editor’s Note
13–14. τῶν μὲν γὰρ … εἰρημένων. Cf. 1042b 16 n., 29 n.
Critical Apparatus
15 τὴν recc. Al.: τῇ EJAb
Critical Apparatus
17 σωμάτων καὶ χρημάτων, ἤ τι καὶ ἄλλο recc. προτιθέντες scripsi: προσθέντες codd.
Critical Apparatus
18 ἐνεργείᾳ Bekker
Critical Apparatus
21 οἵους E2J2Ab Al.: οὓς E1J1Γ
Editor’s Note
21. Archytas, one of the most famous members of the Pythagorean school, and a contemporary of Plato. We have no further light than that which this passage offers on his doctrine of definition. The type of definition he approved is identical with Aristotle's nominal definition of attributes per genus et subiectum, the ὁρισμός which is συμπέρασμά τι ἀποδείξεως (An. Post. 75b 32, cf. 93a 22, 94a 7).
Critical Apparatus
23 γὰρ Ab Al.: om. EJΓ
Critical Apparatus
26 ἡ bis om. Ab
Critical Apparatus
28 καὶ Al. Bonitz: ὅτι codd. Γ
ἐνέργειαι E
ἡ ἐκ] ἐκ fort. Al.
Editor’s Note
28. For the corruption of καί into ὅτι cf. N. 1089b 35 n.
Critical Apparatus
29 πότερον σημαίνει in mars. J
Editor’s Note
1043a 29. Sometimes it is not clear whether a word means the concrete substance or the actuality, e. g. 'house', 'line', 'animal'
36. The two meanings have a common reference, if not a common definition. The question of the two meanings does not affect the investigation of sensible substance; for the essence plainly attaches to the form. For 'soul' and 'to be soul' are the same, while 'man' and 'to be man' are different, unless the soul can be called man.
b 4. The syllable does not consist of the letters + composition; for the composition is not derived from the things compounded. The position is not derived from the threshold, but vice versa.
10. Man is not animal + two-footed; if these are the matter of man, there must be something apart from these—neither an element nor a compound but the substance. Those who describe man as animal + two-footed are omitting this, and stating the matter. If, then, this is the cause of man's being, and that is the substance of man, they will not be stating man's very substance.
(14. This is either eternal, or perishable and generable without ever being in process of perishing or becoming. It is not the form but the concrete thing that is generated. Evidently the substances of some perishable things cannot exist separately, viz. those that cannot exist apart from the particular instances, e. g. house. Perhaps these, and indeed all things that are not formed by nature, are not substances; the nature in natural objects is the only substance in perishable things.)
23. Thus there is some point in Antisthenes' problem; he said you cannot define what a thing is (definition being simply circumlocution), but can teach what sort of thing it is (e. g. that silver is like tin),
28. so that composite substance, whether sensible or intelligible, can be defined, but its elements cannot, since definition predicates one thing (form) of another (matter).
32. If numbers are substances, it is in this way and not as assemblages of units; for (1) definition is a sort of number, being divisible, and divisible into indivisibles.
36. (2) Definition, like number, loses its identity if anything be subtracted from or added to it.
1044 a 2. (3) A number must be something by virtue of which it is one—else it is a mere aggregate; a definition also is one; but the principle of unity in both is commonly missed. This is natural, for substance has the sort of unity that a number, not a unit, has; it is an actuality and a definite nature.
9. (4) Formal substance, like number, does not admit of degree; if any substance does so, it is concrete substance.
We have shown, then, in what sense generation and destruction of so-called substances is possible, and have dealt with the reduction of substance to number.
Editor’s Note
This chapter is a collection of ill-connected remarks on various topics relating to essence and definition.
Editor’s Note
1043a 29–b 4 is a note on the ambiguity of words like 'house', 'line', &c. At b 4 Aristotle returns to the main subject.
Critical Apparatus
a 32 κείμενον Ab
Editor’s Note
33. πότερον δυὰς ἐν μήκει ἢ [ὅτι] δυάς. Cf. Z. 1036b 13–17 n.
Critical Apparatus
34 ὅτι secl. Bywater
Critical Apparatus
36 τὸ om. E
Editor’s Note
37. ὡς πρὸς ἕν, cf. Γ. 1003a 33 n.
Critical Apparatus
b 2 ψυχῆ … ψυχὴ, omisso εἶναι, Ab
Editor’s Note
b 2. ψυχὴ μὲν γὰρ καὶ ψυχῇ εἶναι ταὐτόν. Aristotle has tried to prove this in Z. 6.
Critical Apparatus
4 δὲ EJΓ Al.: δʼ ἐπὶ Ab
Editor’s Note
4. τινὶ μὲν τινὶ δʼ οὔ. I.e. 'being man' will be the same as man in the sense of 'the human soul', but not as man in the sense of 'the complex of soul and body'.
Editor’s Note
4–8. The reasoning is inconsecutive. 'The syllable does not consist of the letters+their composition. This is natural because the composition does not consist of the letters.' The second sentence contains a suggestion which is quite different from that contained in the first, and γάρ is unjustifiable. Aristotle rejects both suggestions; the form is οὔτε στοιχεῖον οὔτʼ ἐκ στοιχείου (l. 12). Bz. takes ἐκ τούτων (l. 7) to mean 'one of the things', but the use of ἐκ in two quite different senses is most improbable.
Critical Apparatus
5 καὶ EJ Al.l: καὶ τῆς Ab
Critical Apparatus
7 οὐδ' Ab Al.: καὶ EJΓ
Critical Apparatus
8 ἐστὶ] ἐστὶν ἡ Ab
Critical Apparatus
9 εἰ ὁ Ab γρ. E: εἰ Al.: om. EJΓ
Editor’s Note
9. εἰ ὁ οὐδὸς θέσει, cf. 1042b 19.
Editor’s Note
9–10. οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ οὐδοῦ … ἐκείνης. 'The position is not made up out of the threshold' (i. e. out of the material parts of the threshold, cf. l. 7 ἐκ τούτων ὧν ἐστὶ σύνθεσις), 'but rather the threshold is constituted by the position'.
Critical Apparatus
11 ταῦτά] τὰ ἄλλα Ab
ὕλης J
Editor’s Note
11. Usually the genus is described as matter, the differentia as form, cf. Δ. 1024b 8, Z. 1038a 6, 19. To treat genus and differentia as if they existed side by side like material elements and required a third thing to unite them is un-Aristotelian. Cf. Z. 12, H. 6, where Aristotle makes the unity of essence depend on the fact that genus has no existence apart from differentia. Dittenberger therefore would omit οὐδὲ … δίπουν as an interpolation due to a misunderstanding of ch. 6, and treat ὁμοίως … ἐκείνης (8–10) as parenthetical. He has, however, misunderstood what Aristotle says. 'Man is not ζῷον+δίπουν but ζῷον δίπουν (Z. 1037b 12–14). To describe him as ζῷον + δίπουν is to treat these as the materials of which he consists, and if these are mere materials, then there must be something else which is neither an element nor composed of elements but the substance; this they omit, and mention only the matter, if they describe man as ζῷον + δίπουν.'
Critical Apparatus
12 οὔτε δὲ] ὃ οὔτε E1Ab γρ. E et fort. Al.
ἀλλ' ἡ οὐσία codd. ΓAl.: secl. Christ
Editor’s Note
12. ἐξαιροῦντες, according to Al. 553. 7, governs τὴν ὕλην. Cf. Z. 1036b 23 ἀφαιρεῖν τὴν ὕλην. 'Which people name when they eliminate the matter.' What people? Alexander suggests the Platonists. But a reference to them is out of place. Aristotle is dealing in this chapter with the common tendency to describe a whole as a sum of parts or materials, omitting the principle of unity; cf. 1044a 3, 6. Lines 10–14 form a much more consecutive piece of reasoning if ἐξαιροῦντες be taken to govern ὅ. Cf. (in a similar context) De Gen. el Corr. 335b 35 ἐξαιροῦσι γὰρ τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι καὶ τὴν μορφήν.
Critical Apparatus
13 εἶναι καὶ οὐσίας, τοῦτο αὐτὴν Bonitz, fort. legit Al.
Editor’s Note
13. Bz.'s καὶ οὐσίας, τοῦτο αὐτήν κτλ., though it derives some support from Al. 553. 11, is not really needed. The reading of E1JΓ gives a good argument:
The principle of union is the cause of being.
This (the cause of being) is substance (cf. a 2).
∴ In omitting the principle of union and naming only the matter they will not be naming the substance itself.
Critical Apparatus
14 οὐ E1J γρ. EΓ: om. E2Ab Al.
Editor’s Note
14. The omission of οὐ in Ab Al. is due to the misunderstanding of ὃ ἐξαιροῦντες τὴν ὕλην λέγουσιν (l. 12).
Editor’s Note
16. ἐν ἄλλοις, Z. 8.
Critical Apparatus
17 γεννᾶται EJΓ
ποιεῖται codd. ΓAl.: ποιεῖ εἰς ci. Bonitz
Editor’s Note
17. ποιεῖται τόδε, γίγνεται δὲ τὸ ἐκ τούτων is pleonastic, and there is a good deal to be said for Bz.'s ποιεῖ εἰς τόδε. Cf. Z. 1033b 10.
Editor’s Note
18. τούτων, i. e. matter and form, cf. ll. 11, 12.
Editor’s Note
18–19. εἰ δʼ εἰσὶ … δῆλον. In the long run it appears that for Aristotle reason is the only χωριστὸν εἶδος. Every other form is the form of a certain kind of matter and inseparable from it.
Editor’s Note
19–21. πλὴν … σκεῦος. Cf. Z. 1033b 19–21.
Critical Apparatus
21 οὔτʼ Bekker: οὐδὲ Ab γρ. E: οὐδέ τι EJΓ
Editor’s Note
21–22. οὔτε τι … συνέστηκεν. Cf. a 4–5 n., Z. 1041b 29 n.
Critical Apparatus
b 23 μόνον γρ. E
τὴν ia Al.: τῶν codd. Γ
Editor’s Note
23–25. ὥστε ἡ ἀπορία … ἔχει τινὰ καιρόν. Aristotle has said (ll. 10–14) that if the genus and differentia are treated as the matter of the thing defined, the definition must miss the essence of the thing defined. 'Thus', he continues, 'there is a certain timeliness in the Antisthenean doctrine that definition is impossible, that any definition must miss the essence of its object.' Lines 14–23 must be regarded as a digression.
Editor’s Note
24. οἱ Ἀντισθένειοι καὶ οἱ οὕτως ἀπαίδευτοι, cf. Δ. 1024b 32–34 n. The view of the Antistheneans seems to be that which is referred to in Pl. Theaet. 201 e–202 c, viz. that simple entities cannot be defined but only named, and that complex entities can only be defined to the extent of naming their simple elements, i. e. by a definition which contains indefinables. Definition is an ὀνομάτων συμπλοκή. It explains its subject only by reference to elements themselves ἄλογα καὶ ἄγνωστα, and is thus but a λόγος μακρός, a diffuse and evasive answer to a question. (For λόγος μακρός cf. N. 1091a 7 n.) Hence simple entities (of which silver is taken as an example) cannot be defined at all, but only described as like certain other simple entities.
Critical Apparatus
26 μέν τί] μέντοι fecit E
Critical Apparatus
27 ἐνδέχεσθαι Ab
Critical Apparatus
28 οὐσία E1
Editor’s Note
29. τῆς συνθέτου, ἐάν τε αἰσθητὴ ἐάν τε νοητὴ ᾖ. What is definable must in any case be a universal. The definable sensible composite will be a term like 'man', which is analysable into a certain form and a certain kind of sensible matter (Z. 1035b 29). The definable intelligible composite will be a term like 'line', which is analysable into the form 'two' and the intelligible matter 'length' (Z. 1036b 13–17, cf. 1035a 20 n.).
The analysis of 'man' into 'two-footed' and 'animal', also, would be an analysis into form and 'intelligible matter', in another sense of that term (1045a 34).
Editor’s Note
ἐάν τε αἰσθητὴ ἐάν τε νοητὴ ᾖ. It is certain that Antisthenes, who was an out-and-out sensationalist, meant by a complex a thing which could be divided into sensible parts or elements. Cf. Theaet. 201 e τὰ πρῶτα οἱονπερεὶ στοιχεῖα, ἐξ ὧν ἡμεῖς τε συγκείμεθα καὶ τἆλλα. Aristotle interprets him in the light of his own doctrine of ὕλη νοητή.
Critical Apparatus
30 ᾖ om. Ab
οὐκ ἔστι EJΓ Al.
Critical Apparatus
32 ὡς om. Ab
Editor’s Note
32–1044a 14. This is a section, not closely connected with what precedes, in which Aristotle, while pointing out that substances are not numbers in the way in which he thinks the Platonists supposed them to be so, shows that there are certain analogies between substances and numbers. They are, he thinks, mere analogies, but they account for the attractiveness, to some minds, of the reduction of substance to number.
Editor’s Note
33. οὕτως εἰσί κτλ., i. e. they are not simply aggregates of units but have a principle of unity which keeps their parts together.
Editor’s Note
33. ὥς τινες λέγουσι, sc. the Pythagoreans and Platonists. Cf. M. 6, 7. Aristotle seems rather confused about the view he is attacking. He here describes it as the view that substance is like an aggregate of units; in 1044a 8 he describes it as the view that substance is a sort of unit (unless indeed he is there referring to the view of some other thinkers, perhaps a different set of Platonists).
It is rather hard on the Platonists to attack them for treating the essential substance of things as an aggregate, if (as seems to be the case) the doctrine of inaddible numbers was meant just to avoid this implication. But Aristotle does not seem to understand the 'inaddible numbers'. Cf. M. 6, 7 nn.
Critical Apparatus
36 τοιοῦτος recc.
Critical Apparatus
38 ἐστιν alt. om. Ab
Editor’s Note
1044a 2. καὶ τὸν ἀριθμὸν δεῖ εἶναί τι ᾧ εἷς. Bz. proposes τῷ ἀριθμῷ for τὸν ἀριθμόν, but Aristotle means not that number must have, but that it must be, a principle of unity, just as in general he identifies substance with the unifying principle.
Critical Apparatus
1044a 3 τὸν ἀριθμὸν codd. Γ: τῷ ἀριθμῷ ex Al. ci. Bonitz
τι ᾧ] αἰτίωι Ab: τι τὸ ἑνοῦν καὶ ᾧ ci. Bonitz
ὃ … τίνι εἷς AbΓ Al.: om. EJ
Critical Apparatus
4 εἴπερ … γὰρ] εἷς γὰρ Ab
Editor’s Note
8–9. ἀλλʼ οὐχ … ἑκάστη. Cf. 1043b 34 n. Aristotle here opposes his view of essence as an 'actuality and nature' which holds together material parts to the view that it is a mere indivisible unit.
Editor’s Note
9–10. ὥσπερ οὐδὲ ὁ ἀριθμὸς … ἧττον. I.e. a number cannot be more or less a particular number; it either definitely is it or definitely is not it.
Critical Apparatus
11 ἡ] τῆς ut vid. Al.
Editor’s Note
11. ἀλλʼ εἴπερ, ἡ μετὰ τῆς ὕλης. In Cat. 3b 33—4a 9 Aristotle implies that not even ἡ μετὰ τῆς ὕλης, the concrete individual, can be more or less the substance it is.
Editor’s Note
11–13. περὶ μὲν οὖν γενέσεως … ἀδύνατον refers to 1043b 14–23, περὶ τῆς εἰς τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἀναγωγῆς to 1043b 32—1044a 11. These, then, are for Aristotle the main sections of the chapter.
Critical Apparatus
12 τʼ om. EJ
Critical Apparatus
13 τὸν ἀριθμὸν E sed o utrumque in ras.
Editor’s Note
1044a 15. Even if all things have the same ultimate matter, they have different proximate matter.
20. The same thing has more than one matter. Phlegm comes (1) (a) from what is fat, directly, (b) from the sweet, because the fat comes from the sweet, (2) from bile, by the resolution of bile into prime matter.
25. From the same matter different moving causes can sometimes produce different things; in other cases different things involve different matter. If the same thing can come from different matters, the moving cause must be the same.
32. When we look for the cause of a thing, we must state all the causes we can—material, efficient, formal, final (the last two being perhaps the same), taking care to get the proximate cause.
b 3. So much for generable natural substances. The case of eternal natural substances is different; some things presumably have no matter, or only the matter which qualifies things for spatial movement.
8. In natural things that are not substances there is no matter; the substance is their substratum. There is no matter of eclipse; the moon is what suffers it; the efficient cause is the earth; there is presumably no final cause. The formal cause is the definition, but this is obscure unless it states the efficient cause, as does the definition 'deprivation of light by the interposition of the earth'.
15. The importance of getting the proximate cause may be illustrated by the causes of sleep.
Editor’s Note
1044a 16. ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ πάντα πρώτου, i. e. from prime matter; ἢτῶν αὐτῶν ὡς πρώτων, i. e. from the four elements.
Critical Apparatus
a 17 ἡ om. Ab
Critical Apparatus
18 ἐστι πρώτη ὕλη om. Ab
Editor’s Note
22. εἰ τὸ λιπαρὸν ἐκ τοῦ γλυκέος, cf. De An. 422b 12, De Sensu 442a 17, 23.
Critical Apparatus
24 πρὸ ὁδοῦ] πρῶτον Γ
Critical Apparatus
26 καὶ pr. om. Ab
Critical Apparatus
29 ἢ] ἢ ἐκ Ab
εἰ δʼ] τί Ab
Critical Apparatus
30 ὕλης om. Ab Al.
Critical Apparatus
31 ἡ ὡς] ὡς Ab
Critical Apparatus
32 γένος J1
an δέ?
Critical Apparatus
33 τὸ Ab Al.: τί τὸ EJΓ
Editor’s Note
33–34. πάσας … τὰς ἐνδεχομένας αἰτίας, i. e. all the causes we can state.
Editor’s Note
35. ἆρα τὰ καταμήνια; Cf. G. A. 727b 31, 729a 30.
Editor’s Note
ἆρα τὸ σπέρμα; Cf. 729a 28.
Editor’s Note
b 1. ἴσως δὲ ταῦτα ἄμφω τὸ αὐτό. Cf. De Gen. et Corr. 335b 6.
Critical Apparatus
b 2 τίς ἡ EJ2 Simpl.c: τί ὡς Ab: τίς J1: quae Γ
Critical Apparatus
3 οὐσίας EJAb2Γ Simpl.c: αἰτίας γρ. Ab, fort. Ab1
γενητὰς E1JAb Simpl.c: γεννητὰς E2 Al.
Critical Apparatus
4 ἄρα om. Ab et fort. Al.
Editor’s Note
6. τῶν φυσικῶν μὲν ἀϊδίων δὲ οὐσιῶν, i. e. the celestial spheres and the stars.
Critical Apparatus
8 οὐσίαι EJAb Al.: οὐσίᾳ recc. Γ Simpl.c
Critical Apparatus
9 ἡ ὕλη Ab
Editor’s Note
9. οὐκ ἔστι τούτοις ὕλη κτλ. What underlies an accident, as matter underlies substance, is not matter but substance. Cf. Z. 1038b 5.
Critical Apparatus
10 ἢ E
Critical Apparatus
b 11 δʼ om. EJΓ
Editor’s Note
12. τὸ δʼ οὗ ἕνεκα ἴσως οὐκ ἔστιν. This is a serious admission, in view of Aristotle's identification in l. 1 of the formal with the final cause. His teleology is in fact not complete. There is not always a final cause. But where there is, it is the formal cause as well. In the absence of a final cause, the thing is defined by reference to its efficient cause, as in ll. 14, 15. Eclipse is for Aristotle an example of ταὐτόματον. The sun's motion is no doubt ἕνεκά του and so is that of the moon, but the two acting together may produce a result which is not ἕνεκά του.
Critical Apparatus
14 τὸ om. EJ
Critical Apparatus
16 ἀλλʼ ὅτι EJ2AbΓ Al.: ἄλλο τι fort. J1, ci. Bonitz
ναί] etiam primum Γ
Editor’s Note
16. ἀλλʼ ὅτι τὸ ζῷον; ναί, ἀλλά κτλ. is very like l. 19 ὅτι ἀκινησία τοιαδί; ναί, ἀλλʼ κτλ. The first ἀλλά is natural enough in introducing a suggested answer. Cf. L. and S. s.v. ii. 1, Kühner ii. 2. § 589. 9. The manuscript reading ἀλλʼ ὅτι is therefore preferable to Bz.'s conjecture ἄλλο τι ('Is it anything other than the animal?'), a phrase which does not seem to occur in Aristotle.
Editor’s Note
17. καρδία. Sleep is a πάθος τοῦ κυρίου τῶν ἄλλων πάντων αἰσθητηρίου (De Somno 455a 20–26, 33, b10, 458a 28), which is the heart (456a 4) or, in bloodless animals, what is analogous to it (456a 11). Elsewhere Aristotle connects sleep especially with the brain (P. A. 653a 10). A definition quoted thus by way of illustration is not necessarily his own; e. g. in similar contexts (An. Post. 93b 8, 94a 4) he cites Anaxagoras' definition of thunder, though his own was different (Meteor. 369a 10—370a 33). Cf. Θ. 1049a 2 n.
Critical Apparatus
19 τοιάδʼ εἶναι Ab
Editor’s Note
1044b 21. Since points, and in general forms, are and are not, without generation and destruction (for white does not come to be but wood comes to be white), not all contraries come to be out of one another (pale man from dark man but not pale from dark); nor have all things matter, but only the things liable to generation and reciprocal transformation.
29. How is matter related to its contrary states? Is a body potentially diseased as well as potentially healthy, water potentially vinegar as well as potentially wine? It is the matter of the one in virtue of a positive state or form, of the other in virtue of the privation of the form.
34. Again, why is not wine 'potentially vinegar', the living man 'potentially dead'? These corruptions are incidental; the matter of the living man is by force of corruption potentially a dead man, and water (the matter of wine) potentially vinegar. Where, as here, opposites change into one another, the negative (e. g. dead body, vinegar) must be resolved into its matter before it can change into its positive.
Critical Apparatus
22 εἴδη EJ et ut vid. Al.: εἴδη καὶ αἱ μορφαί Ab Γ
Editor’s Note
22. οἷον αἱ στιγμαί, cf. B. 1002a 32, E. N. 1174b 12.
Editor’s Note
εἴπερ εἰσί, 'if they may be said to exist'. The Pythagoreans and Platonists thought they existed as substances, but Aristotle insists that they are merely τομαί, διαιρέσεις, πέρατα of lines (K. 1060b 12 ff., N. 1090b 5 ff.).
Critical Apparatus
23 εἰ] ἢ E1JΓ
Critical Apparatus
25 γίγνοιντο Ab Al.c
Editor’s Note
25. ἀλλʼ ἑτέρως κτλ. A black thing (1) can become a white thing, and (2) does so by a process, by one part after another becoming white (Phys. vi. 4). But (1) black does not become white—all that we can say is that there was black and there is white; and (2) white succeeds black instantaneously. When Aristotle says that contraries do not change into one another (Λ. 1069b 6), he is using ἐναντίον in only one (the more fundamental) of the two senses here referred to, i. e. of the contrary qualities, not of the things characterized by those qualities. In the work Περὶ ἐναντίων (fr. 119 Rose) he distinguished the two kinds of contraries as τὰ καθʼ αὑτὰ ἐναντία and τὰ τῷ μετέχειν ἐναντίων ἐναντία. Cf. I. 1057b 6.
Critical Apparatus
28 μεταβαλεῖν J
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30 ἔχοι Ab
ὑγιεινόν AbΓ Al.: ὑγιαῖνον EJ
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32 καὶ alt. EJΓ Al.: ἡ Ab
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33 καὶ] καὶ κατὰ EJ
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34 δέ τις EJΓ Al.c: δʼ ἔτι Ab
Editor’s Note
34. ἀπορία δέ τις ἔστι. Aristotle's answer to the question is that wine is not the matter of vinegar but the normal product of the same matter of which vinegar is the abnormal product. In such a case there is no direct transition from the normal to the abnormal product nor vice versa; the given product must first be reduced to its constituent matter.
This is stated explicitly of the change from the abnormal to the normal product (1045a 4–6), and implied with regard to the converse change (1044b 34—1045a 2).
Critical Apparatus
35 καίτοι] καίτοι γε E2
Editor’s Note
36. κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς αἱ φθοραί, i. e. the degeneration into vinegar does not attach to the wine directly, but to the water of which the wine is a particular form. Thus the chapter indicates three ways in which A may change into B:
(1) καθʼ ἕξιν καὶ κατὰ τὸ εἶδος, as water into wine,
(2) κατὰ στέρησιν καὶ φθορὰν τὴν παρὰ φύσιν, as water into vinegar,
(3) κατὰ συμβεβηκός, as wine into vinegar, or vinegar into wine.
Critical Apparatus
1045a 1 αὕτη J: hoc Γ: αὑτὴ Christ
Editor’s Note
1045a 3. ἐκ τούτων, sc. ἐκ ζῴου, ἐξ οἴνου. As wine and vinegar have a common matter, water, so day and night have a common substratum, air (Λ. 1070b 21).
Critical Apparatus
4–5 εἰ ἐκ JΓ Al.: ἐκ E: om. Ab
Editor’s Note
1045a 7. We return to the question (cf. 1044a 3) what makes a definition or a number one. All wholes as opposed to mere aggregates must have a cause of unity, which in bodies is contact, viscidity, &c.
12. A definition is one not by external union but by being the definition of one object. What, then, makes man one, not animal + two-footed? In particular, if there are Ideas of animal and two-footed, why do not men exist by participation in these two rather than in one Idea?
20. The usual modes of definition afford no answer to the question, but the distinction of form and matter does.
25. The difficulty is the same as that of the unity of 'round bronze', if this be the definition of some term. It is one simply because bronze is matter and round is form. There is no cause of the actual coming to be of what was potentially, save the efficient cause, in the case of things subject to becoming. It is the essence of the potential sphere to become actual, of the actual to have been potential.
33. Matter may be either sensible, or intelligible; in a definition there is always an element of matter as well as one of actuality (e. g. 'plane figure' in the definition of circle).
36. Things that have not matter of either kind, i. e. the categories, are directly and essentially some kind of one as they are some kind of being; hence their existence and their oneness are not stated in their definitions. Their essence is directly a one as it is an existent; hence there is no other cause of their unity or of their existence; for each is directly an existent and a one, though being and unity are not their genera and do not exist apart from the particular kinds of being and unity.
b 7. Some solve the problem of unity by 'participation', which they cannot explain or define; others by 'intercourse' (so Lycophron), 'composition', 'connexion'—formulae that can be applied to anything whatever.
16. Their mistake is that they look for a difference between, and a unifying formula for, potentiality and actuality, while really the proxi-mate matter and the form are one, the first being potentially what the second is actually, so that there is no reason of their unity except that which causes the movement from potentiality to actuality; while immaterial things are without qualification and essentially unities.
Editor’s Note
1045a 7. τῆς εἰρημένης, Z. 12, H. 1044a 2–6.
Critical Apparatus
a 8 πάντων recc. Γ: πάντα EJAb
Editor’s Note
8. καὶ περὶ τοὺς ἀριθμούς. The chapter in fact discusses only the unity of definitions.
Critical Apparatus
9 πᾶν EJ Al.c: ἅπᾶν Ab
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10 τὸ om. γρ. E
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16 δὴ om. Ab Al.c
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17 αὐτοάνθρωπος Ab Al.c: αὐτὰ αὐτοάνθρωπος fort. Al.
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18 οἱ EJΓ Al.: οἷον Ab
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18–19 οὐδενὸς ἀλλὰ Ab Al.c
Editor’s Note
25. ἔστι γὰρ αὕτη ἡ ἀπορία κτλ. The problem is that of the unity of genus or ὕλη νοητή with differentia. Aristotle illustrates it by the more familiar notion of the unity of form with ὕλη αἰσθητή in e. g. a bronze ball, and then in l. 33 returns to the case of genus and differentia, and points out that genus is to differentia as sensible matter to form and may therefore be called intelligible matter.
Critical Apparatus
26 ὁ om. Ab Al.c
ὁ στρογγύλος Ab Al.c
Editor’s Note
26. For ἱμάτιον taken thus arbitrarily cf. De Int. 18a 19, Z. 1029b 28.
Critical Apparatus
28 τὸν] τὸ γρ. E
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29 δὴ] δʼ ἡ Ab
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30 τούτου τὸ αἴτιον Ab τοῦ JAbΓ, ex τοῦτο fecit E
Editor’s Note
33. ἑκατέρῳ may mean (1) 'for the potential ball and for the potential man' (l.18) (this is Alexander's second interpretation, 562. 10); or (2) 'it was the essence of the potential ball to become an actual ball, and of the actual ball to be produced from a potential ball'. This is the more probable interpretation; the reference to the case of man occurs too far back to be referred to here as Alexander suggests.
Critical Apparatus
35 ἐνεργείαι E
οἷον … ἐπίπεδον om. fort. Al.
ὁ om. Ab
Editor’s Note
35. σχῆμα ἐπίπεδον. The interest here being in matter, Aristotle states only the material or generic element in the definition of circle.
Editor’s Note
36—b 7. Aristotle has shown that a species is unified by the fact that its genus exists only as the matter of its differentia, and its differentia only as the form of its genus. This explanation does not apply to summa genera (i. e. categories), which have no matter either intelligible or sensible. The unity of these, however, needs no explanation; they are by their own nature instances of unity (ὅπερ ἕν τι), as they are instances of being. Because unity and being are inevitably predicable of them, unity and being are not mentioned in their definitions (really, of course, they have no definitions but can merely be described, Alexander 563. 17).
The section contains a certain amount of repetition, but this is for the sake of emphasis. The rearrangements of the text by Alexander and Schwegler are not necessary and do not help matters; the justification of διό in b2, which was the point that troubled them, lies in εὐθύς (a 36). Since any summum genus must from its very nature be a one and an existent, 'one' and 'existent' need not be inserted in the definition of any summum genus.
Critical Apparatus
b 1 εἶναί om. fort. Al., secl. Bonitz τὸ om. E1Γ
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b 2 τόδε] τοῦτο γρ. E
ante διὸ collocanda οὐχ … ἑνί (l. 6) ci. Al., διὸ … ἕκαστα (ll. 4–7) Schwegler
Critical Apparatus
4 καὶ alt. om. AbΓ
Critical Apparatus
5 οὐθενὶ EJΓ Al.: οὐδὲ ἑνὶ Ab
Editor’s Note
b 6–7. οὐχ, ὡς … παρὰ τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα is evidently directed against the Platonists.
Editor’s Note
6. οὐχ ὡς … ἑνί. Aristotle holds that being and unity are not genera, for reasons given in B. 998b 22 ff. Each of them is one τῷ ἀφʼ ἑνός or τῷ πρὸς ἕν or κατʼ ἀναλογίαν.
Editor’s Note
7. οὐδʼ ὡς χωριστῶν ὄντων, sc. τοῦ ὄντος καὶ τοῦ ἑνός. τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα = the several categories.
Critical Apparatus
8 τι Γ
Editor’s Note
8. οἱ μέν, Plato and his followers, A. 987b 13.
Critical Apparatus
10 ψυχῆς codd. Γ Al.: incl. Bonitz
Editor’s Note
10. ψυχῆς is evidently an emblema from the next line.
Editor’s Note
Λυκόφρων, an orator and sophist of the school of Gorgias, mentioned several times by Aristotle (Top. 174b 32, Phys. 185b 28, Pol. 1280b 10, Rhet. 1405b 35, 1406a 7, 1410a 17). Cf. Zeller i.6 1323, n. 3.
Editor’s Note
12–16. Evidently Aristotle means to refute these explanations by a reductio ad absurdum. The absurdity lies in the application of terms like σύνθεσις to things that never existed apart.
Critical Apparatus
14 τὸ sup. lin. J
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15 τὸ] τὸ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ex Al. ci. Bonitz
ἓν εἶναι γρ. EΓ
Editor’s Note
15. τὸ λευκὸν εἶναι. Bz.'s τὸ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν λευκὸν εἶναι would be easier, but the subject of λευκὸν εἶναι may as well be omitted as that of ὑγιαίνειν (l. 13). A surface is the only thing that can per se be white.
Critical Apparatus
17 λόγον Ab γρ. E Al.: τὸ EJΓ
διαφορὰν ἕν E2Ab
ἔστι … 23 τι om. γρ. E γρ. J
Critical Apparatus
18 ἡ pr. Ab et fort. Al.: καὶ ἡ EJΓ
Editor’s Note
18. ὥσπερ εἴρηται. Aristotle has not actually said this; he is referring loosely to a 23–33.
Critical Apparatus
19 ἕν om. EJΓ; ἓν καὶ γρ. E: τὸ μὲν Casaubon: ἕν, τὸ μὲν ci. Bonitz
δυνάμει … 21 ἐστιν om. AbAl.
Editor’s Note
ὥστε ὅμοιον κτλ. 'So that it is like asking what in general is the cause of unity and of a thing's being one'—which is an obviously absurd question.
Critical Apparatus
22 εἰ τὸ ὡς EJΓ
Critical Apparatus
23 ἕν AbAl.: ὄντα EJΓ: ἕν τι, ὥσπερ καὶ ὅπερ ὄν ci. Bonitz
τι] τι περὶ μὲν οὖν τοῦ πρώτως ὄντος καὶ πρὸς ὃ αἱ ἄλλαι κατηγορίαι τοῦ ὄντος ἀναφέρονται εἴρηται, περὶ τῆς οὐσίας Ab
